Testicular cancer is a relatively rare form of cancer, but it is the most common cancer among young men aged 15 to 35 in the United States. According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 9,000 new cases of testicular cancer are diagnosed annually, and about 450 men will die from the disease. However, when detected early, the prognosis for testicular cancer is excellent, with a survival rate of over 95% for localized cases.
Testicular cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in one or both testicles. While the exact cause remains unclear, several factors increase the likelihood of developing testicular cancer. These risk factors include a family history of the disease, having an undescended testicle (cryptorchidism), and a previous history of testicular cancer in one testicle. Although genetic factors play a role, lifestyle factors such as smoking or environmental exposures have not been directly linked to the development of testicular cancer.
Early detection is key in managing testicular cancer, as many early-stage cancers can be treated successfully with surgery and other treatments. The most common sign of testicular cancer is a lump or swelling in the testicle. However, some men may experience pain or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum or lower abdomen. Although most testicular lumps are not cancerous, any changes in the testicles should be evaluated by a health care provider promptly.
Testicular cancer is typically diagnosed through physical examinations, ultrasound imaging and blood tests to measure specific tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
The treatment for testicular cancer depends on the stage and type of cancer. The three main types are:
- Stage 1 (Localized): Cancer is confined to the testicle, and the primary treatment is surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy). This is often followed by surveillance or chemotherapy, depending on the type of cancer.
- Stage 2 (Regional Spread): Cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the abdomen or pelvis. Treatment may include a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation.
- Stage 3 (Metastatic): Cancer has spread to other organs, such as the lungs or liver. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy.
Men who undergo surgery for testicular cancer often experience few long-term effects. However, in cases where both testicles are affected or require removal, fertility options like sperm banking or hormone replacement therapy may be discussed. Most men who undergo treatment for testicular cancer go on to lead normal, healthy lives.
As part of Testicular Cancer Awareness Month, it is crucial for men to perform regular self-exams. Self-exams are a simple and effective way to detect any abnormalities early. To perform a self-exam, men should:
- Examine each testicle individually, using both hands.
- Roll the testicle gently between the thumb and fingers to feel for any lumps or irregularities.
- Note any changes in size, shape, or consistency, especially if pain or swelling occurs.
- If a lump is found, see a doctor for further evaluation.
While testicular cancer is highly treatable when caught early, it’s important for men to be aware of their bodies and seek medical advice if anything unusual is noticed. Regular self-exams and maintaining an open line of communication with health care providers can lead to earlier diagnosis and better outcomes.
Testicular Cancer Awareness Month serves as an essential reminder for everyone, especially young men, to take proactive steps in their health. By spreading awareness, educating about risk factors, and encouraging regular self-exams, we can help reduce the number of late-stage diagnoses and improve survival outcomes. Let’s use this month to raise awareness, promote early detection and offer support to those affected by testicular cancer.
Learn more about treatment for testicular cancer at Northside Hospital Cancer Institute.
Reference:
- National Cancer Institute. SEER Cancer Statistics Review: Testis Cancer. Accessed April 1, 2025. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html.
